la Fleur Group

Susanne la Fleur:

‘When we give rats big, fatty meals, they really like the fatty food at first, but that changes after a while. They start to eat less of the food – unless we add sugar to it. It looks as if sugar makes the fat more appealing; that it acts as a kind of flavour enhancer.

‘We have been getting fatter from the 1950s onwards, but our brains and our genes have not really changed in that time. We should therefore take a long hard look at our environment, and the way in which it stimulates the eating of sugar and fat. Our body is always in survival mode, and for that reason it very efficiently stores fat. Sugar induces certain areas in the brain to make you want to eat. The combination of these two things results in obese people.

‘In all likelihood people who do not get fat have a very well-developed inhibition. But the prefrontal cortex of obese people is not so successful. We must therefore examine the effects of the fat-sugar interaction on the brain in order to be able to explain why it is so difficult to lose weight, and why it is so tough to maintain that lower weight. We also know that the sperm of fat mice creates fat mouse pups. So obesity is a multidimensional problem. I think that our bodies are changing due to the things we eat, and that we pass on these changes to our children.

‘Obesity increases the chance of developing type-2 diabetes, a disease that is characterized by diminished insulin sensitivity. An accidental discovery showed that stimulating someone’s dopamine system – which increases the release of dopamine in the brain – causes greater insulin sensitivity. This effect occurred after electrical stimulation of the relevant brain area of an obese patient with type 2 diabetes, done with the intention to provide relief from his compulsive disorder. After he had undergone deep brain stimulation – a major treatment involving implantation of electrodes in the brain – he required less insulin.

‘Right now, very obese people are best served with bariatric surgery, a gastric sleeve. Forty percent of the people who had this sleeve fitted managed to keep their weight down. Something that what was really striking in these people: six weeks after this surgery they had lost a great deal of weight, yet their dopaminergic system did not yet show changes. But when we scanned them three years later, we did see these changes.

‘So, perseverance pays off, but how does this work in the brain? We are currently investigating whether it makes a difference for the dopaminergic system at what time of the day people eat. A diet involving cutting back your food intake by 50% will lead to weight loss for literally everyone, regardless of the time at which they eat, but we do see that the brain reacts differently to different eating patterns. Perhaps we will be able, in time, to develop medication that can influence this area, and in this way help people curb their appetite.’